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伴随着(zhe)(zhe)各(ge)国发布禁燃油车(che)(che)时(shi)刻表，各(ge)家车(che)(che)企都陆续暂停(ting)或(huo)者(zhe)放缓了内燃机的(de)(de)研发工(gong)作(zuo)，开(kai)始走向纯(chun)电动(dong)(dong)车(che)(che)和(he)燃料电池车(che)(che)的(de)(de)道路。纯(chun)电动(dong)(dong)(BEV)以其优越的(de)(de)性能和(he)效(xiao)率(lv)已(yi)经较(jiao)低(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)使用成本(ben)，在低(di)(di)(di)里程的(de)(de)场景有(you)着(zhe)(zhe)极大(da)的(de)(de)优势(shi)，但是在现(xian)阶段(duan)的(de)(de)复杂应用场景中(zhong)，在低(di)(di)(di)温、长(zhang)里程、快速加(jia)燃料的(de)(de)场景中(zhong)，需要燃料电池(FCV)来补充，同时(shi)储氢长(zhang)期来讲(jiang)是缓冲国家电网的(de)(de)重要途(tu)径(jing)。据(ju)中国氢能联盟(meng)预估，到(dao)2025年中国燃料电(dian)池产(chan)业产(chan)值将(jiang)达(da)1万亿元。
全(quan)球首部(bu)商业贩售的(de)氢气燃料电池汽(qi)车(che)-丰田Mira
近年(nian)来，中(zhong)国氢燃(ran)料电池(chi)行业(ye)受到各级政府的高度重视和(he)国家产业(ye)政策(ce)的重点支持。随着国家陆续出台多项政策(ce)，将鼓励氢燃(ran)料电池(chi)行业(ye)发(fa)展与创新，为氢燃(ran)料电池(chi)行业(ye)的发(fa)展提供了良好(hao)的政策(ce)保障，促进氢燃(ran)料电池(chi)快速发(fa)展。
我国2001年启动(dong)的863计(ji)划(hua)(hua)-电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)动(dong)车重大(da)专项中(zhong)(zhong)就确定了三(san)纵(zong)三(san)横(heng)战略，其中(zhong)(zhong)三(san)纵(zong)包括纯(chun)(chun)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)动(dong)、混(hun)合电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)动(dong)、燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)汽车。2022年3月23日(ri)，国家发(fa)改委、国家能(neng)(neng)源局联合印(yin)发(fa)的《氢(qing)能(neng)(neng)产业(ye)(ye)发(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)中(zhong)(zhong)长期规(gui)划(hua)(hua)(2021-2035年)》提出重点推进氢(qing)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)中(zhong)(zhong)重型车辆应(ying)用(yong)，有序拓(tuo)展(zhan)(zhan)氢(qing)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)等新(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)源客、货汽车市场(chang)应(ying)用(yong)空间，逐步建立(li)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)动(dong)汽车与锂电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)纯(chun)(chun)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)动(dong)汽车的互(hu)补(bu)发(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)模式(shi)，促进氢(qing)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)汽车行业(ye)(ye)发(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)。规(gui)划(hua)(hua)提到到2025年，基(ji)本掌握核心(xin)技术(shu)(shu)和制造工艺，燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)车辆保有量(liang)约5万辆；到2030年，形成(cheng)较为(wei)完备的氢(qing)能(neng)(neng)产业(ye)(ye)技术(shu)(shu)创(chuang)新(xin)(xin)体系(xi)；到2035年，形成(cheng)氢(qing)能(neng)(neng)产业(ye)(ye)体系(xi)，构建涵盖交(jiao)通、储(chu)能(neng)(neng)、工业(ye)(ye)等领域(yu)的多元(yuan)氢(qing)能(neng)(neng)应(ying)用(yong)生态(tai)。
一、燃(ran)料电池简介
燃(ran)料(liao)电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)乍看与一(yi)般(ban)电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)相似(si)，也有正负极和(he)电(dian)(dian)(dian)解质等(deng)电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)主要(yao)部件，但细看发现与一(yi)般(ban)电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)不同之处在于其正负极本身并无活性物(wu)质，负极(燃(ran)料(liao)电(dian)(dian)(dian)极)和(he)正极(氧(yang)化剂电(dian)(dian)(dian)极)只是进行电(dian)(dian)(dian)极反应的催化转换载体，它一(yi)般(ban)以氢气、碳(tan)、甲醇(chun)、硼(peng)氢化物(wu)、煤气或(huo)天然气等(deng)燃(ran)料(liao)作(zuo)为(wei)负极，用(yong)空气中的氧(yang)作(zuo)为(wei)正极。以氢氧(yang)燃(ran)料(liao)电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)为(wei)例，当电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)工作(zuo)时，反应物(wu)燃(ran)料(liao)氢(H2)和氧(yang)化剂氧(yang)(O2)分别由(you)外(wai)部供给进行反应(ying)，原则(ze)上(shang)只要将这些反应(ying)物氢(qing)(H2)和氧(yang)(O2)不断输入(ru)，反应产物水(H2O)不断(duan)排除，燃(ran)料电池就(jiu)能源源不断(duan)地输出电来(lai)。燃料电池通(tong)过(guo)燃料的电化学反应直接(jie)产生电能，相当于一个(ge)小型发电装置(主要包括(kuo)双极板、电解质(zhi)、扩散层、催化剂(ji))，所以(yi)，燃(ran)料电(dian)池更象是(shi)一个“发(fa)电(dian)厂”，也可(ke)以(yi)认为(wei)是(shi)一种持续的(de)“一次电(dian)池”。
根据(ju)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解质和燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)不(bu)同，燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)分(fen)为(wei)六类(lei)：质子交换(huan)膜燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(PEMFC，采(cai)用(yong)极薄的(de)塑(su)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)膜作为(wei)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解质)、直(zhi)接(jie)甲(jia)醇燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(DMFC，属于质子交换(huan)膜燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)中的(de)一(yi)类(lei)。直(zhi)接(jie)使(shi)用(yong)甲(jia)醇水溶液或蒸(zheng)汽甲(jia)醇为(wei)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)供给来(lai)源。而(er)不(bu)需要通过甲(jia)醇，汽油和天然气(qi)的(de)重整以供发电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian))、固体氧化物燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(SOFC，采(cai)用(yong)固体氧化物陶(tao)瓷作为(wei)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解质)、碱性燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(AFC，采(cai)用(yong)氢氧化钾溶液作为(wei)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液)、熔融碳酸(suan)盐燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(MCFC，采(cai)用(yong)熔融碳酸(suan)盐作为(wei)其(qi)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解质)、磷酸(suan)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(PAFC，采用200摄氏度(du)高温下的液(ye)体磷酸作为其电(dian)解质)。虽(sui)然燃料电池技术(shu)已日(ri)趋(qu)成熟完善，各国政(zheng)府(fu)也(ye)从政(zheng)策上大力支持，但燃料电池技术(shu)产业化仍(reng)然面临一(yi)(yi)系列挑战(zhan)，下(xia)文一(yi)(yi)起来(lai)盘点一(yi)(yi)下(xia)不(bu)用类(lei)型(xing)的(de)燃料电池特点及应用。
二、燃料电池类型及特点
1、质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)
质子交换(huan)膜燃(ran)料电池(PEMFC)采用可传导(dao)离子的聚(ju)合膜(极薄(bo)的塑料膜)作为电(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)质(zhi)(zhi)，所(suo)以也叫聚合物电(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)质(zhi)(zhi)燃(ran)料电(dian)(dian)池(PEFC)、同体(ti)聚合物燃(ran)料电(dian)(dian)池(SPFC)或固体(ti)聚合物电(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)质(zhi)(zhi)燃(ran)料电(dian)(dian)池(SPEFC)。
PEMFC采用水(shui)基(ji)酸性(xing)聚合(he)物(一(yi)般为(wei)全氟磺(huang)酸)作(zuo)为电(dian)(dian)(dian)解质(zhi)、铂作(zuo)为催化剂(ji)，是当前燃料电(dian)(dian)(dian)动汽车和物料搬运车的首(shou)选技术(shu)路线。相较其它技术(shu)路线，其特点为运行(xing)温度(du)(du)(du)相对较低(一般(ban)低于100℃)，同时(shi)可(ke)以根据需要灵活调(diao)整电(dian)(dian)(dian)堆输出(chu)功(gong)率。但(dan)因(yin)相对低的启动温度(du)(du)(du)并采用贵(gui)金属基(ji)电(dian)(dian)(dian)极，这类电(dian)(dian)(dian)池必须使用高(gao)纯度(du)(du)(du)的氢(qing)。为克(ke)服高(gao)纯度(du)(du)(du)氢(qing)气需求(qiu)限制(zhi)，目前PEMFC出(chu)现(xian)高(gao)温型技术(shu)路线，其原理为将(jiang)水基(ji)电(dian)(dian)(dian)解质(zhi)变成无机酸基(ji)电(dian)(dian)(dian)解质(zhi)，该类电(dian)(dian)(dian)池运行(xing)温度(du)(du)(du)可(ke)以高(gao)达200℃，对氢(qing)气的纯度(du)(du)(du)要求(qiu)较低，但(dan)又有(you)能量密度(du)(du)(du)较低的弊端。
2、直(zhi)接甲醇(chun)燃料(liao)电池(DMFC)
直(zhi)接(jie)(jie)甲(jia)(jia)醇燃(ran)(ran)料电(dian)(dian)池(chi)DMFC是相对(dui)较(jiao)新的技术，由美国NASA和喷气式(shi)推进实验室在(zai)90年代发(fa)现(xian)。与PEMFC电(dian)(dian)池(chi)一(yi)样(yang)需要(yao)使(shi)用(yong)聚合物膜作为(wei)电(dian)(dian)解质，不同(tong)点为(wei)其(qi)采用(yong)铂(bo)-钌(liao)催化剂，燃(ran)(ran)料可(ke)(ke)以是氢也可(ke)(ke)以是液态(tai)甲(jia)(jia)醇，因此被称作直(zhi)接(jie)(jie)甲(jia)(jia)醇燃(ran)(ran)料电(dian)(dian)池(chi)。甲(jia)(jia)醇具有(you)相对(dui)高(gao)的能量密度，很容易(yi)运输和存(cun)储。基于其(qi)运行温度60~130℃，效(xiao)率60%左右(you)，直(zhi)接(jie)(jie)甲(jia)(jia)醇燃(ran)(ran)料电(dian)(dian)池(chi)主要(yao)应用(yong)方向为(wei)电(dian)(dian)子(zi)产品、移(yi)动充电(dian)(dian)宝、物料搬运车等领域。
3、固体(ti)氧化物燃料电池(SOFC)
固体(ti)氧(yang)化物(wu)燃料电池SOFC采用固体(ti)陶瓷作(zuo)为电解质(例如(ru)氧(yang)化锆-氧(yang)化钇，当(dang)然，这不(bu)是唯一的选(xuan)项(xiang)。更多请看相(xiang)关(guan)(guan)相(xiang)关(guan)(guan)阅读(du):)，运(yun)行(xing)温度非常高(gao)，最(zui)高(gao)运(yun)行(xing)温度高(gao)达(da)800-1000℃，对铂催化剂依赖较小，可采(cai)用(yong)多种(zhong)碳氢化合物燃(ran)料(甲烷、煤气等)。其能量转换效率(lv)超过60%，如果放出的热量能够(gou)被回收利用(yong)，转化率(lv)则(ze)可高(gao)达(da)80%。但受限于启动时间长，很难应用(yong)于汽(qi)车领(ling)域。
固(gu)(gu)体(ti)燃料电(dian)(dian)(dian)池在大型、小(xiao)型固(gu)(gu)定(ding)式热电(dian)(dian)(dian)联产(chan)发电(dian)(dian)(dian)站中应(ying)用较多，例(li)如Bloom的100kW离网发电(dian)(dian)(dian)站。此外，输出功率kW级的管状(zhuang)固(gu)(gu)体(ti)燃料电(dian)(dian)(dian)池还(hai)成功应(ying)用在便携式充电(dian)(dian)(dian)装置领域。
4、碱性燃料(liao)电池(AFC)
碱(jian)性燃料电池(chi)(AFC)由(you)英国发(fa)明家法兰西斯·汤(tang)玛士·培根（FrancisThomasBacon）所发(fa)明，以(yi)碳为电极，并(bing)使(shi)用氢氧化钾为电解质，要求高纯度氢，操(cao)作(zuo)温度约为(wei)摄氏100~250度（最新的碱性燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)电(dian)池操(cao)作(zuo)温度约为(wei)摄氏23~70度）。NASA早在1960年时便开始将它运用在穿梭机的发射及(ji)人(ren)工(gong)卫星上(shang)，包括著(zhu)名的阿波(bo)罗计划也使(shi)用这种燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)电(dian)池。AFC的电(dian)能转换效率为(wei)所有燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)电(dian)池中最高的，最高可达70%，其(qi)优(you)点(dian)是可采用非贵金属作(zuo)为(wei)催(cui)化剂(镍最常见)。
由于碱性燃料电池是以氢氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)钾(jia)作为电解质，因此若由进(jin)气(qi)口(kou)中进(jin)入电池的气(qi)体中含有(you)二(er)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)碳，氢氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)钾(jia)会与二(er)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)碳反(fan)应形(xing)成碳酸(suan)钾(jia)，碳酸(suan)钾(jia)则会堵住碳电极上的孔，氢气(qi)或氧(yang)(yang)气(qi)无法(fa)与电解质接触(chu)，会严重(zhong)影(ying)响发电效率(lv)。
5、熔融(rong)碳酸盐(yan)燃料(liao)电池(MCFC)
熔(rong)融(rong)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)酸(suan)(suan)盐燃料电(dian)(dian)池(chi)(MCFC)是在600°C及以(yi)上温度(du)下(xia)运(yun)行的(de)高温燃料电(dian)(dian)池(chi)。熔(rong)融(rong)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)酸(suan)(suan)盐燃料电(dian)(dian)池(chi)(MCFC)开发用于(yu)(yu)天然气、沼气（由厌氧(yang)消化或生物质(zhi)气化产生）和用于(yu)(yu)电(dian)(dian)力、工业和军事应用的(de)煤基(ji)发电(dian)(dian)厂。MCFC是高温燃料电(dian)(dian)池(chi)，其(qi)电(dian)(dian)解质(zhi)由悬浮(fu)在多孔、化学(xue)惰性的(de)β-氧(yang)化铝陶瓷(ci)基(ji)质(zhi)中的(de)熔(rong)融(rong)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)酸(suan)(suan)盐混合物(包括碳(tan)(tan)(tan)酸(suan)(suan)锂(li)、碳(tan)(tan)(tan)酸(suan)(suan)钾(jia)及碳(tan)(tan)(tan)酸(suan)(suan)锂(li))组成(cheng)。由于(yu)(yu)它们在600°C及以(yi)上的(de)极高温度(du)下(xia)工作，因(yin)此非(fei)贵重金(jin)属可以(yi)用作阳极和阴(yin)极催化剂，从而降(jiang)低成(cheng)本。
提高(gao)效(xiao)(xiao)率(lv)是MCFC比磷酸(suan)(suan)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)电(dian)池(chi)(PAFC)显着(zhe)降(jiang)低成(cheng)本的(de)另一个原因。熔融碳酸(suan)(suan)盐燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)电(dian)池(chi)的(de)效(xiao)(xiao)率(lv)可(ke)以(yi)达到接近60%，大(da)大(da)高(gao)于磷酸(suan)(suan)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)电(dian)池(chi)工(gong)厂37-42%的(de)效(xiao)(xiao)率(lv)。当余(yu)热被捕获和使用时，整体(ti)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)效(xiao)(xiao)率(lv)可(ke)高(gao)达85%。与碱(jian)性、磷酸(suan)(suan)和聚(ju)合物电(dian)解(jie)质膜燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)电(dian)池(chi)不(bu)同，MCFC不(bu)需要外部重(zhong)整器将燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)转化为氢气(qi)，利用MCFC运行时的(de)高(gao)温(wen)，这些燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)可(ke)以(yi)在燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)电(dian)池(chi)内转化为氢气(qi)，大(da)大(da)也(ye)降(jiang)低了成(cheng)本。
MCFC技术的(de)主(zhu)要(yao)缺点是耐(nai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)性。这(zhei)些电(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)运行的(de)高温和使用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)腐蚀(shi)性电(dian)(dian)解质会加(jia)速组(zu)件(jian)的(de)损坏(huai)和腐蚀(shi)，从而缩短电(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)寿命。科学家们目前正在探索用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)组(zu)件(jian)的(de)耐(nai)腐蚀(shi)材(cai)料以(yi)(yi)及优化燃料电(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)设计，以(yi)(yi)提高电(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)寿命。
6、磷酸燃料电池(PAFC)
作为(wei)2001年之前的主流燃料电(dian)池技术(shu)，PAFC采用(yong)磷(lin)酸或磷(lin)酸基电(dian)解质，能有效(xiao)减少铂催化剂(运行温度(du)180℃左右)中毒，但发(fa)电(dian)效(xiao)率(lv)较低(di)，当热电(dian)联产时(shi)效(xiao)率(lv)可达80%。主要应(ying)用(yong)在功率(lv)100~400kW的固定式(shi)发(fa)电(dian)站(zhan)中，也有少量应(ying)用(yong)在大型汽车(che)中。
参考来源：
1、燃料(liao)电池产(chan)业发展现状及趋势(shi)分(fen)析；冯丹，董仕宝，宗营，(解放军(jun)空(kong)军(jun)勤务学院(yuan))
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